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Few questions in data protection law carry as much practical weight as this one: when does data stop being personal data? The answer determines whether the GDPR applies at all and with it, whether individuals hold rights of access; whether data can be shared with third parties or transferred outside the EU without GDPR safeguards; and what is permissible in AI development. In short, the boundary between personal data and non-personal data is the watershed of data protection law.

The European Union’s 20th Russia sanctions package entered into force on 24 April 2026. For businesses, its significance extends well beyond the new listings and export codes.

Patents are of pivotal importance for protecting innovations throughout the quantum industry. When it comes to technology, three areas stand out as particularly significant. Quantum computing encompasses the development of hardware, software, and algorithms that harness quantum mechanical phenomena to perform calculations beyond the reach of classical computers. Quantum communication covers technologies that use quantum principles, most notably quantum key distribution to transmit information with a level of security that classical encryption cannot match.