Europe: Litigation, Mediation & Arbitration

Tenants across Birmingham and the wider West Midlands face serious health risks from damp and mould in their rented homes, yet many landlords fail to act on repair requests for months or even years. What legal obligations do landlords have to maintain safe housing conditions, and what remedies are available when they refuse to carry out necessary repairs?

The UK Supreme Court's narrow 3-2 decision in The Kingdom of Bahrain v Shehabi denies state immunity to foreign governments accused of remotely hacking individuals within UK territory, establishing that cyber surveillance operations causing harm to UK residents fall outside traditional immunity protections. This landmark ruling clarifies the territorial tort exception under the State Immunity Act 1978 and may expose foreign states to liability for state-sponsored cyberattacks targeting UK-based individuals

Women carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations face significantly elevated breast cancer risks and require ongoing enhanced screening. This interactive tool helps you verify whether your high-risk breast screening pathway remains active and identify potential gaps in your care that may have occurred through administrative oversight or system failures.

Çalışma hayatının günümüz dünyasında geniş bir yer tutmasıyla birlikte iş kazalarıyla da sıklıkla karşılaşılmaktadır. İş kazalarının meydana gelmesinde çalışma koşulları, iş güvenliği önlemleri ve insan kaynaklı etkenler gibi çeşitli faktörler rol oynayabilmektedir. Bu faktörlerden biri de yargı kararlarında sıklıkla tartışma konusu yapılan bünyesel faktörlerdir. Bu bilgi notunda, yargı kararlarında karşımıza çıkan bünyesel faktörler incelenecektir.

Work at height remains one of the most dangerous occupations despite technological advances, with falls from scaffolding, cranes, and platforms continuing to cause fatal workplace accidents. Understanding the complex web of legal liability—from employers to equipment owners—and knowing the compensation rights available to surviving families becomes crucial when tragedy strikes on construction sites and elevated workspaces.

Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations require enhanced breast screening to detect cancer early, but administrative failures in healthcare systems can cause patients to be lost to follow-up...

The Irish High Court has ruled that shareholders no longer have an automatic right to access a company's privileged legal advice, abolishing the shareholder rule that previously allowed such disclosure. This landmark decision aligns Irish law with recent developments in England, Wales, and Bermuda, fundamentally reshaping the relationship between corporate privilege and shareholder information rights.

As generative AI tools become ubiquitous in the workplace, employers face a critical but often overlooked challenge: preserving AI-generated documents during litigation. This article examines how the duty to preserve evidence extends to GenAI prompts, outputs, and chat histories, and why failing to capture this data could expose organizations to serious legal consequences.

English courts have reaffirmed that witness coaching is prohibited regardless of method, including through AI chatbots. A recent criminal case examined whether AI-generated documents that rehearsed cross-examination answers constituted impermissible coaching, ultimately finding that while such use violates established principles, procedural safeguards may prevent proceedings from being stayed. The decision raises critical questions about how AI tools intersect with longstanding rules protecting witness test

A recent Workplace Relations Commission decision highlights the risks of relying on AI-generated legal submissions in employment disputes, as an adjudicator dismissed a former Ryanair cabin crew member's claim after finding he failed to engage substantively with evidence. The case demonstrates how well-documented employer defenses can expose the limitations of AI-drafted claims that lack genuine engagement with contractual and evidential details.

The Paris Local Division of the Unified Patent Court issued a decision on the merits in an infringement action brought by Orange SA against HMD Global Oy concerning European Patent EP 2 345 029. The case involved jurisdictions across France, Germany, and Italy, with the defendant filing a conditional counterclaim for revocation under Article 33(3) of the UPCA and Article 69 of the EPC.

The Unified Patent Court's Court of Appeal examines critical questions of patent validity, including whether omitting disclosed features constitutes added matter when functional or structural links exist, and how technical effects factor into determining essential features for inventive step analysis. The decision also addresses procedural boundaries for raising new legal arguments on appeal.