European Union: Litigation, Mediation & Arbitration

The Irish Court of Appeal has established groundbreaking principles governing artificial intelligence use in legal proceedings, addressing the risks of AI-generated hallucinations and fabricated case citations. What obligations do litigants and lawyers now face when leveraging AI tools for legal research, and what sanctions might courts impose for non-compliance with these new guidelines?

The Irish High Court has reinforced that Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman decisions are final and binding, preventing parties from re-litigating the same complaints in court.

Less than a year before the transposition of the revised Product Lability Directive1, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) has provided some welcome clarification on the application of the limitation periods...

International Arbitration Comparative Guide for the jurisdiction of Greece, check out our comparative guides section to compare across multiple countries

International Arbitration Comparative Guide for the jurisdiction of Poland, check out our comparative guides section to compare across multiple countries

Ganado Advocates is Malta's leading commercial law firm servicing international clients doing business in or through Malta...

CEPANI, the Belgian Centre for Arbitration and Mediation, has issued new Arbitration Rules entering into force on 1 June 2026, building on the modernisation achieved in the 2020...

Legal professional privilege is not a mere professional convenience nor a technical rule of ethics. It constitutes a fundamental guarantee of the rule of law, a necessary precondition for the proper administration of justice, and an essential component of every person’s right to effective legal assistance.

Cyprus serves as a critical international enforcement jurisdiction for cross-border disputes, offering multiple legal pathways for recognising and enforcing foreign judgments against assets, corporate structures, and property. The procedural route chosen—whether through EU regulations, Hague Conventions, bilateral treaties, domestic legislation, or common law—can materially affect speed, cost, and ultimate recoverability for creditors seeking to execute judgments obtained abroad.

When a company enters court-supervised liquidation in Malta, all ongoing litigation involving that entity comes to an abrupt halt. Under the Companies Act, creditors and claimants must redirect their claims through...

Criminal proceedings represent one of the most serious forms of state power against an individual. Even before any conviction, the initiation of criminal proceedings may severely affect a person’s reputation, professional standing, personal freedom, and psychological well-being. For this reason, the law recognises that criminal process must not be used abusively, vindictively, or as a mechanism of pressure in private or commercial disputes.

The Irish Court of Appeal has established groundbreaking principles governing artificial intelligence use in legal proceedings, addressing the risks of AI-generated hallucinations and fabricated case citations. What obligations do litigants and lawyers now face when leveraging AI tools for legal research, and what sanctions might courts impose for non-compliance with these new guidelines?